What’s corruption

When applied as a technical term, corruption is a general concept describing any organized, interdependent system in which part of the system is either not performing duties is was originally intended to, or performing them in an improper way, to the detriment of the system’s original purpose. It’s original meaning has connotations of evil, malignance, sickness and loss of innocence or purity.

HAMIDAH BINTI ABDUL GHANI



TYPES OF CORRUPTION

There are many types of corruption in this world.
Data corruption
Putrefaction corruption
Linguistic corruption
Political corruption
Types of corruption

HAMIDAH BINTI ABDUL GHANI







I would like to talk about political corruption. Political corruption is a specific form of rent seeking, where access to politics is organized with limited transparency, limited competiton and directed towards promoting narrow interest. Political corruption is the use of governmental powers by government officials for, illegitimate private gain. Misuse of government power for other purposes, such as repression of political opponents and general police brutality, is not considered political corruption. Neither are illegal acts by private persons or corporations not directly involved with the government. An illegal act by an office holder constitute political corruption, only if the act is directly related to their official duties. All forms of government are susceptible to political corruption. Form of corruption vary, but include bribery, extortion, cronyism and so on. While corruption, may facilitate criminal enterprise such as drug trafficking, money laundering and trafficking, it is not restricted to these organized crime activities. In some nation, corruption is so common that it is expected when ordinary business or citizens interact with government officials. The activities that constitute illegal corruption differ depending on the country or jurisdiction. Certain political finding practices that are legal in one place may be illegal in another. In some countries, government official have broad or poorly defined powers, and the line between what is legal and illegal can be difficult to draw.

HAMIDAH BINTI ABDUL GHANI



CORRUPTION EFFECTS ON POLITICS, ECONOMI, AND INSTITUTION

Politics corruption

Corruption poses a serious development challenge. In the political real, it undermines democracy and good governance by flouting or even subverting formal processes. Corruption in elections and in legislative bodies reduces accountability and distorts representation in making policy ; corruption in the judiciary compromises the rule of law, and corruption in public administration results in the unfair provision of services. More generally, corruption erodes the institutional capacity of government as procedures are disregarded, resources are siphoned off, and public offices are bought and sold. At the same time, corruption undermines the legitimacy of government and such democratic values as trust and tolerance.








Economi

Corruption also undermines economic development by generating considerable distortions and inefficiency. In the private sector, corruption increases the cost of business through the price of illicit payments themselves, the management cost of negotiating with officials, and the risk of breached agreements or detection. Although some claim corruption reduces costs by cutting red tape, the availability of bribes can also induce officials to contrive new rules and delays. Openly removing costly and lengthy regulations are better than covertly allowing them to be bypassed by using bribes. Where corruption inflates the cost of business, it also distorts the playing field, shielding firms with connections from competition and thereby sustaining inefficient firms.
Corruption also generates economic distortions in the public sector by diverting public investment into capital projects where bribes and kickbacks are more plentiful. Officials may increase the technical complexity of public sector projects to conceal or pave way for such dealings, thus further distorting investment. Corruption also lowers compliance with construction, environmental, or other regulations, reduces the quality of government services and infrastructure, and increases budgetary pressures on government.
Economists argue that one of the factors behind the differing economic development in Africa and Asia is that in the former, corruption has primarily taken the form of rent extraction with the resulting financial capital moved overseas rather invested at home In Nigeria, for example, more than $400 billion was stolen from the treasury by Nigeria's leaders between 1960 and 1999.

Environmental and social effects
Corruption facilitates environmental destruction. Although even the corrupt countries may formally have legislation to protect the environment, it cannot be enforced if the officials can be easily bribed. The same applies to social rights such as worker protection, unionizatuion and prevention of child labour . Violation of these laws and rights enables corrupt countries to gain an illegitimate economic advantage in the internationa market.

HAMIDAH BINTI ABDUL GHANI